Journal of Rare Disorders: Diagnosis & Therapy

Description

In Cameroon, laboratory confirmation of human rabies has not been widely reported, despite the enzootic cycle of rabies in dog populations. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the rate of molecular detection and phylogenetic relatedness of RABV isolates from Cameroon's suspected human rabies cases. 21 suspected human rabies cases were tested for RABV genomic RNA from 2014 to 2018. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on the full-length sequence of the Nucleoprotein (N) coding gene of the RABV isolates that were found. Skin biopsies and/or saliva samples from 10 of the 21 suspected human rabies cases showed genomic RABV RNA positivity as a result. From confirmed cases, four new N gene sequences were created. The RABV isolates that were examined belonged to the sub-clades Africa-1a and 1b of the Cosmopolitan clades. In cases of suspected human rabies, this study demonstrated a low rate of molecular RABV detection; thus highlighting the significance of consistent laboratory confirmation. Rabies is one of the most significant zoonoses, with a high human case fatality rate. The majority of human cases of rabies are brought on by dog bites, which can be avoided with effective vaccination of dogs. There are few epidemiological studies conducted worldwide to comprehend the seasonality and risk factors for canine occurrence. In order to improve clinical ante-mortem rabies diagnosis, the current study sought to comprehend the temporal pattern of occurrence of rabies in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, as well as the suggestive clinical signs.

Logistic Regression Analysis

This study included data from 598 suspected canine hippocampus brain smear samples with Seller's staining and/or FAT percent positivity of 71.57% (428/598).Maximum temperature (lag 15), morning relative humidity (lag 0 and lag 5) and evening relative humidity (lag 4) were found to be significantly associated with rabies cases through cross-correlation with meteorological factors. To fit the canine Rabies time series in Chennai, an Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model with exogenous variables (significant lags of meteorological variables) was used. The following risk factors were found to significantly influence Rabies positivity in logistic regression analysis: changes in dogs' behavior, free-roaming, unintentional biting, excessive salivation, history of dog bites, and drop jaw. As a result, the findings of the study emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance of canine rabies in order to develop and implement new preventative measures, and they make it easier to use the aforementioned risk factors as a criterion for clinical rabies diagnosis. Rabies is a serious viral zoonotic disease that kills a lot of people and costs a lot of money. Asia and Africa are particularly affected by rabies. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influenced the community's rabies Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) in Ethiopia's Amhara region. The zoonotic infectious disease known as rabies has a high mortality rate. It is a global threat to public health and is brought on by a Lyssavirus virus. The glycoprotein, which may involve multiple receptors, is the primary means by which the rabies virus enters and infects cells. The function of neutralizing antibodies against the rabies virus is to prevent membrane fusion or the glycoprotein from binding to a receptor.

Postexposure prophylaxis for category III rabies virus exposure requires vaccination and antibodies that neutralize the virus. We talked about the rabies virus's neutralizing epitopes and monoclonal antibody neutralization mechanisms in this review. A summary is also provided for the neutralizing antibodies that have been developed or are currently on the market. In rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, the safe and effective broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies that we reviewed could serve as a foundation for future research. Lack of research is cited as a constraint to the implementation of the national rabies control strategy in Ethiopia, where rabies is a significant zoonosis. To identify research gaps and areas of saturation in terms of geographic and species focus, methods, and findings, we conducted a systematic review of publications and theses on rabies in Ethiopia. We also looked at sources of funding and how many local researchers were involved. Data extraction included the full text of 119 publications after screening titles and abstracts. Data collection in a single region (Oromia) was the subject of more than 40% of publications. Benishangul-Gumuz, Dire Dawa, and Gambella's findings were not reported in any publications. In 45% and 24% of the publications, research was focused on wildlife, particularly Canis simensis. Among the most common study designs were descriptive epidemiology (39 publications), ethno-medicine/pharmacology (17 publications), and Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice surveys (KAP), with economic methods (three publications) and experimental epidemiology to test interventions (three publications) underrepresented. Post-exposure prophylaxis administration in humans is frequently used as a proxy for exposure in incidence surveys (n = 9) without laboratory confirmation of the animal's rabies status. In general, KAP surveys pointed to reasonable levels of rabies knowledge as well as bad practices like overreliance on medicinal plants.

Cosmopolitan Lineage

The majority of publications, most of which were funded by international organizations (45 out of 72 publications reporting funding source), had international researchers as the first or last (senior) author. We propose, based on this systematic review, that additional applied research is required to fill in the gaps in laboratory surveillance (for humans, domestic animals, and wild animals alike); Identify effective methods for overcoming societal, cultural, and other barriers to effective rabies treatment; inform the most effective methods for rewarding mass vaccination programs for dogs; in addition to generating local estimates of the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of various control strategies in order to boost funding and political support for rabies control in Ethiopia. Humans contract the zoonotic viral disease rabies from both wild and domestic carnivores. The objective of this study was to molecularly characterize the rabies virus field strains that were prevalent in Turkey between 2013 and 2020. 16 infected animals—eight cattle, one donkey, three foxes, three dogs, and a marten—were tested using brain samples. The genetic and antigenic characteristics of the rabies virus field strains were ascertained through the use of full nucleoprotein (N) and glycoprotein (G) gene sequences. The 16 field strains found in Turkey belonged to the Cosmopolitan lineage, according to phylogenetic analyses. Rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 deaths each year and has a case fatality rate close to 100 percent once clinical signs appear.

The glycoprotein on the surface of the virion facilitates the virion's interaction with host cell receptors and is crucial to the immune response of the host. The first receptors that were found to be a rabies virus's molecular target were nicotine acetylcholine receptors. The list now includes the neural cell adhesion molecule, the p75 neurotrophin receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2, and integrin 1, all of which have the ability to facilitate viral entry into cells. A complex picture of virus-receptor interactions emerges as a result of the presence of numerous receptors and distinct subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In addition, some data suggest that the glycoprotein of the rabies virus prevents cell signaling events mediated by a variety of nicotinic receptor subtypes, which have been linked to behavioral changes in animals that are not infected. The interactions between the nicotinic receptors and the rabies virus glycoprotein are the focus of this review, which also suggests possible functional consequences for future research, such as behavioral changes and therapeutic approaches. In numerous nations around the world, various cultures have described human rabies. The story of a young girl who was bitten by a rabid dog in colonial Colombia in the 18th century is told in the novel Of Love and Other Demons by Gabriel Garca Márquez. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast Garca Márquez's book with the general situation of the disease in Colombia. While dog-mediated rabies virus transmission has been successfully controlled in developed nations, the problem of wildlife and canine rabies persists in some Latin American nations. That's what our methodology proposes albeit the actions that have been taken to relieve canine communicated rabies have functioned admirably in many regions of the planet, more prominent endeavors are expected to control sylvatic rabies sent by bats or different vertebrates, as happens in Colombia. Transdisciplinary cooperation between the human and veterinary sectors is required to prevent the spread of the rabies virus, as developing nations are currently the most affected by the disease.