Journal of Rare Disorders: Diagnosis & Therapy

Description

Controlling the spread of viruses is extremely difficult. The Zika virus ranks twenty-ninth among the world's most lethal viruses. Several epidemiological issues are now under control thanks to advances in research and technology; however, vector-borne diseases remain a significant obstacle, and strictly adhering to precautionary measures is the most effective strategy for halting their spread. Precautionary measures' effects on the Zika virus's crossover behavior and the resulting delay in population growth can be accurately predicted using a computational framework. This study examines a delayed computational model and presents a dynamical analysis with useful thresholds. The interactions between cells infected with the Zika virus and the effector cells, which only last a short time, make up the compartmental model. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends delaying pregnancy due to the Zika virus infection's potential for fetal abnormalities. Using dynamical analysis of interactions with delay at the inter-cellular levels, it is demonstrated that the Zika virus affects delayed pregnancies to prevent fetal complications. It is possible to draw useful conclusions from the numerical representation of the dynamics in relation to key parameters. The Zika virus is an arbovirus that can be spread by mosquitoes. It can cause a mild skin rash, eye swelling, and a low fever. In extreme cases, it might cause neurological and immune system confusions, like microcephaly. Dengue, West Nile virus, Schistosomiasis, and Zika are examples of vector-borne diseases whose transmission dynamics are strongly influenced by climate factors and weather, particularly temperature. We propose a PDE model with periodic delay to investigate the full effects of spatial structure, seasonality, and temperature sensitivity of the incubation period on Zika virus transmission. We look at the model's global dynamics and present the fundamental reproduction number. That's what our recreations show (I) it is feasible to misjudge in the occasional framework assuming the spatial arrived at the midpoint of framework is utilized; (ii) can be underestimated when seasonality is absent; (iii) Shortening the incubation period may lower the likelihood of disease transmission, which is important for understanding the geographic and seasonal limits of Zika risk and for modeling the dynamics of Zika virus transmission.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The arbovirus known as Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family. ZIKV infection has emerged as a major contributor to virus-induced placental insufficiency, microcephaly, and other neuronal problems since 2015. There are currently no approved treatments for ZIKV infection. In this study, we investigated how ZIKV infection and replication in neural progenitor cells were affected by targeted inhibition of cellular organelles or trafficking processes. Viral replication was moderately affected by inhibiting endocytosis, Golgi function, or structural filaments like actin or microtubules. Notwithstanding, initiating endoplasmic reticulum (trama center) stress by treatment with Thapsigargin had a more articulated restraint on infection creation, proposing the emergency room may be a competitor cell target. ZIKV inhibition was dependent on Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCA), as further research revealed. These studies show that antivirals that target the SERCA-dependent ER stress pathway may be able to stop ZIKV replication in neural progenitor cells. There are no vaccines or drugs for the Zika virus, which can cause microcephaly and other neurological disorders. Our research demonstrated that rottlerin has broad antiviral activity against ZIKV, vesicular stomatitis virus, and herpes simplex virus, but not two naked viruses (encephalomyocarditis virus and enterovirus 71). Rottlerin doesn't affect the virions, and its antiviral impact is free of its guideline on PKCδ or ATP. The viral replication of ZIKV is effectively reduced by both pretreatment and post treatment with rottlerin. The endocytosis of enveloped viruses is disrupted by the pretreatment of rottlerin, and the maturation of ZIKV is disrupted by the post treatment of rottlerin at a later stage. Importantly, ZIKV-related neurological symptoms were alleviated and ZIKV replication in vivo significantly decreased when rottlerin was administered to neonatal mice.

According to our findings, rottlerin has the potential to be developed as a preventative and therapeutic agent because it appears to have antiviral activity at two distinct stages of viral infection. According to genetic and phylogenetic studies, the African and Asian lineages of the Zika virus have evolved. However, a single serotype of ZIKV has been described. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Asian and African ZIKV lineage strains could cross-neutralize each other. Micro neutralization assay was used to compare ZIKV H/PF/2013 strain, which is of the Asian lineage, to 65 samples that were taken in 2007 and 30 samples that were taken from the same people in 2011 and 2012 in West Africa. Both of these samples were positive for neutralizing antibody against the ZIKV MR-766 strain, which belongs to the African lineage. All of the samples that had antibodies that neutralized the MR-766 strain also had antibodies that neutralized the H/PF/2013 strain, albeit at lower titers. The 120 amino acid differences between the two strains are consistent with this. All samples had neutralizing antibody titers that were thought to be protective, despite the fact that the magnitude of neutralizing activity against various ZIKV strains varied.

Partial Genome Sequences

Tropical nations are particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases like the zika virus. Zika infection has significant clinical and epidemiological implications. For instance, when ladies are tainted by zika during the primary trimester of pregnancy, the kid causes a high gamble of microcephaly and intense neurological disorders. The virus is linked to a number of disorders, including the Guillain-Barré syndrome, in adults. The worldwide pandemic brought on by the zika virus in 2013 and 2014 demonstrated the need for virus diagnostic tools that are both quick and accurate. Isolation of viruses, serological tests, and molecular assays are all current diagnostic tools. However, labor-intensive and time-consuming cell culture is required for virus isolation; Prior exposure to homologous arboviruses that cause symptoms similar to those of zika can result in cross-reactivity in serological detection, whereas molecular tools typically are not designed for differential zika detection. A method for specific molecular detection of the zika virus that is based on phylogenetically conserved primers is described in this work. A thorough bioinformatic analysis was used to systematically select the zika primers, which demonstrated their high specificity. Using synthetic DNA, cell cultures, and samples from patients infected with zika, dengue, and chikungunya, our primers detected the virus with sufficient specificity for differential virus diagnosis. The "FOXG1 syndrome" is a spectrum of birth defects that mimic the "congenital Zika syndrome’s birth defects, such as microcephaly and other neurodevelopmental conditions, caused by congenital alterations in the levels of the transcription factor Forkhead box g1 coding gene. In this study, we demonstrate that infection with the Zika virus alters FOXG1 nuclear localization and results in its downregulation, thereby impairing the expression of genes involved in cell replication and apoptosis in a variety of cell models, including human neural progenitor cells. Nuclear displacement and apoptosis protection, as well as the Thr271 residue in the FOXG1 AKT domain, are both mediated by growth factors like EGF and FGF2. At long last, by moderate erasure of FOXG1 succession, we recognize the C-end and the buildups 428-481 as basic areas. Our findings, taken as a whole, point to a causal mechanism by which ZIKV contributes to microcephaly by altering FOXG1, its target genes, the progression of the cell cycle, and the survival of human neural progenitors. In endemic regions like Africa, viral infections spread by mosquitoes are a major concern. Since the 2010 outbreaks of the dengue virus and the chikungunya virus, only a few surveillance studies have been carried out in Gabon, despite the fact that outbreaks have been reported throughout Africa. As a result, the current circumstance is unknown. Arboviruses, specifically DENV (serotypes 1–4), CHIKV, and Zika virus, were the focus of this study in Gabon, Central Africa. We used reverse transcription-quantitative PCR to test 1060 serum samples from febrile patients in the years 2020 and 2021 for viruses. After finding one CHIKV, one ZIKV, and two DENV serotypes 1, we looked at the genome sequences. Using complete or partial genome sequences, phylogenetic analysis was carried out to ascertain the virus's genetic diversity and mode of transmission. This study's DENV-1 and CHIKV strains were closely related to previous Gabonese strains, whereas the most recent ZIKV strain differed genetically from a 2007 strain found in Gabon. This study sheds light on how the viruses DENV-1, CHIKV, and ZIKV, which were discovered in Gabon, circulated throughout the country and were brought in from neighboring African nations.