Journal of Rare Disorders: Diagnosis & Therapy

Keywords

Healthcare models; Adults with intellectual disability; Rare syndromes

Introduction

In Australia, a “rare disease” is defined as one with a prevalence of less than 5 in 10,000 people [1,2]. There are thought to be more than 7000 rare diseases, which as a group, affects up to 8% (or around two million) of Australians [3]. A National Strategic Action Plan for Rare Diseases developed in 2020 to provide a comprehensive policy framework is based on three pillars: Awareness and Education, Care and Support, Research and Data [4]. Such frameworks highlight the special needs of people living with rare diseases and their families compared to people without rare diseases, and appear to provoke a comfort of solidarity in uniqueness as expressed by a rare disease organisation motto “Alone we are rare” [5]. Improved professional training on rare diseases [6], enhancing patient active involvement as a source of information for clinicians [7], and identifying generic interventions targeting shared burdens among patients with rare diseases [8] are among the proposed recommendations to improve medical outcomes of people living with rare diseases. Adults with intellectual disability comprise a population for whom at least half of the causes of their intellectual disability is estimated to be due to an underlying chromosomal or DNA mutation [9], and which satisfy criterion for rareness. Extensive testing of etiology is a focus of specialist paediatrics systems especially given the importance of early intervention therapy, though diagnosis is still of value for adults [10]. The underlying mutation may impact upon known and unknown mechanisms in neuronal function, anatomy, metabolism, and as well also cellular functions in other organs, giving rise to the syndrome [11].

Discussion

As a population, adults with intellectual disability have about 4 to 6 medical problems per person, variably associated with the rare syndrome, a lack of healthy living, iatrogenic causes, non-syndromal illnesses, and experience of negative social determinants of health [12]. Importantly, though the etiology of the intellectual disability may be rare, the types of medical problems in this population are ones frequently encountered by General Practitioners, or Specialist Consultants in any hospital in seeing adult patients without intellectual disability. Health professionals are well trained to manage and identify observed common problems within this population: risk factors for illhealth, polypharmacy, dental disease, sensory problems, epilepsy, thyroid disease, hypogonadism, gastroesophageal disease, Helicobacter pylori, constipation, osteoporosis and fractures, and accidents [12]. Despite this the diagnosis of health problems among adults with intellectual disability is often delayed and not reaching recommended quality standards contributing to substantial preventable morbidity and earlier mortality among this population [13-15]. Otherwise well credentialled medical practitioners and health systems fail when it comes to providing optimal care to adult patients with intellectual disability, in part because the disability and its rare cause overwhelms and obscures the view of the patient as a person living with a rare disability with medical problems, in part because of barriers to access and participation imposed by health systems and professionals, and in part due to inadequate provision of disability supports in health settings [16]. In contrast to the case of patients with rare conditions not associated with cognitive impairment, adults with intellectual disability frequently have communication limitations and so are unable to independently be a source of helpful information to their health professional about their rare cause of disability. Furthermore, adults with intellectual disability may no longer have parents to facilitate sharing of information and disability supports may not have been included in previous discussions on etiology of disability. One can speculate that rare disease organisations with their focus on difference, isolation and disease inadvertently potentiate the view of seeing the patient as a “rare disease” as opposed to a person living with a rare disease with medical problems, thus alienating them and accidentally contributing to adverse outcomes. Furthermore, “intellectual disability” despite any rare etiology is not considered a disease but a “disorder” with onset in the developmental period with deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning [17]. Contemporary internationally accepted human rights disability values and systems promote the view that adults living with intellectual disability should have access to mainstream health services, rather than separate specialist intellectual disability services [18,19]. Success of this approach is acknowledged to require the presence of adequate disability supports for the individual with intellectual disability and of the development of reasonable adjustments to delivery of mainstream services from health professional and health systems to optimize access to and participation in mainstream healthcare by adults with intellectual disability [20,21]. The benefits of specialist research and clinical care focusing on disease undertaken by rare disease facilities are undeniable as are the benefits of satisfying ethical human rights obligations of securing mainstream healthcare access for adults living with rare causes of intellectual disability. Conceivably both contribute to better quality and quantity of life lived by adults with intellectual disability. How can a healthcare service contain these seemingly incompatible elements for the good of adults with intellectual disability? A proposed solution is a framework incorporating a small core of specialised clinicians, services, and networks in rare causes of intellectual disability to back up and support (and not take over) mainstream equivalents, provision of adequate disability supports for adults with intellectual disability to enable access and participation in mainstream healthcare, development of reasonable adjustments to mainstream services, policies and processes, and establishment of a formal disabilityhealth collaboration (also involving adults with intellectual disability and their families) within the health sector to enrich the service delivery (Table 1).

Table 1: Combining mainstream and specialist healthcare for adults with rare causes of intellectual disability.

Conclusion

In this proposed model, organisations of rare diseases have obvious important roles, such as those outlined in the Action Plan in contribution to the core specialist group work placed within mainstream. Their role is expanded to work with mainstream colleagues to oversee disability supports in place, design and implementation of reasonable adjustments and instigation of a disability-health interface. In these ways, the joint work of core specialist within larger mainstream accentuates the normality, the lack of unusualness, of having a rare condition in receiving best possible healthcare. It may be able to reassure people with rare diseases they are not so alone and rare afterall.

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